In Afghanistan and Iraq, there has been conflict between

In Afghanistan and Iraq, there has been conflict between

a. the Army and the Marines.
b. the Army and the State Department.
c. the State Department and Defense Departments.
d. military leaders and members of the news media.
e. full and part-time members of the military.

Answer: C

Which of the following does the text suggest is a "lesson" that we have learned when it comes to rebuilding nations:

Which of the following does the text suggest is a "lesson" that we have learned when it comes to rebuilding nations:

a. Unilateral actions are not successful.
b. The support of the United Nations is critical.
c. Do not leave a country too quickly.
d. Widespread support of the European community is essential to success.
e. Civilian and military agencies should not be coordinated.

Answer: C

We did not seek the support of the United Nations in

We did not seek the support of the United Nations in

a. fighting against North Vietnam in the 1960s.
b. occupying Haiti in1994.
c. assisting friendly forces in Bosnia in 1994.
d. assisting friendly forces in Kosovo in 1999.
e. all of the above.

Answer: E

President Bush was not the first president to act on the doctrine of preemption but

President Bush was not the first president to act on the doctrine of preemption but

a. he was the first to launch cruise missile attacks with preemption in mind.
b. he did elevate the policy of preemption into a clearly stated national doctrine.
c. Congress first expressed concerns about the doctrine during his administration.
d. he was the first to invite Congress to a dialogue on preemption.
e. he was the first to consider international opinion on the doctrine.

Answer: B

The creation of separate uniformed services within a single department reflects the concern that

The creation of separate uniformed services within a single department reflects the concern that

a. the military budget would not be kept accountable.
b. the military budget would not be kept below acceptable levels.
c. interservice rivalry would escalate.
d. intelligence sources should not communicate.
e. a unified military might become too powerful politically.

Answer: E

The Department of Defense was created by the

The Department of Defense was created by the

a. Marshall Plan.
b. Twenty-second Amendment.
c. Twenty-third Amendment.
d. Truman Doctrine.
e. National Security Act.

Answer: E

Among the causes of defense overruns noted in the text are all of the following except

Among the causes of defense overruns noted in the text are all of the following except

a. the key players' incentive to underestimate costs going in.
b. the difficulty of estimating the costs of new programs in advance.
c. the cumbersome process of competitive bidding even for minor items.
d. the desire to have the very "best" of everything.
e. "stretch-outs" used to keep annual budgets low.

Answer: C

Bill Clinton promised to lift the official ban on gays and lesbians serving in the military if he were elected, but

Bill Clinton promised to lift the official ban on gays and lesbians serving in the military if he were elected, but

a. the Joint Chiefs of Staff lifted the ban before he had the chance to.
b. he instead settled with a compromise "don't ask, don't tell" policy.
c. the Pentagon decided the traditional policy could not be modified in any significant way.
d. the Democratic National Committee insisted that he detach himself from the issue.
e. he instead referred the question to a bipartisan committee of members of Congress.

Answer: B

The text suggests the campaigns in Afghanistan and Iraq made it clear that the United States

The text suggests the campaigns in Afghanistan and Iraq made it clear that the United States

a. was a consensus choice to play the role of "world policeman."
b. would no longer need to engage in military buildups.
c. could not operate a military campaign without assistance from other Western democracies.
d. was vulnerable in the air but superior with respect to ground forces.
e. had reduced its armed forces sharply and was hard pressed to carry out a sustained military campaign.

Answer: E

In a typical poll, a majority of Americans say that

In a typical poll, a majority of Americans say that

a. we are spending far too much on military spending.
b. we are spending too much on military spending.
c. we are spending too little or just about the right amount on military spending.
d. they have no opinions regarding military spending.
e. they oppose military spending except in a time of war.

Answer: C

The reason for the great increase in the defense budget in 1950 was the

The reason for the great increase in the defense budget in 1950 was the

a. Korean War.
b. Cuban missile crisis.
c. escalation of the U.S.-Soviet arms race.
d. U2 spy plane incident.
e. oil embargo in the Middle East.

Answer: A

The size and the division of the defense budget represent, respectively

The size and the division of the defense budget represent, respectively

a. entrepreneurial and majoritarian politics.
b. client and entrepreneurial politics.
c. majoritarian and interest-group politics.
d. interest-group and client politics.
e. reciprocal and club-based politics.

Answer: C

When U.N. inspectors found evidence of programs to develop weapons of mass destruction in Iraq,

When U.N. inspectors found evidence of programs to develop weapons of mass destruction in Iraq,

a. Hussein had them expelled from the country.
b. Hussein explained that the programs had been abandoned.
c. they failed to report it for almost 20 years.
d. they considered their work done and returned to their respective homes.
e. Iraqi officials blamed Syria for "planting" the materials.

Answer: A

After the 1990 invasion of Kuwait, U.N. inspectors were sent to Iraq to look for weapons of mass destruction, or WMDs, because

After the 1990 invasion of Kuwait, U.N. inspectors were sent to Iraq to look for weapons of mass destruction, or WMDs, because

a. of intelligence reports later proved to be false.
b. the government of Kuwait insisted upon such inspections.
c. the U.N. was pressured by Iraq and Syria to conduct such inspections.
d. international treaties called for such inspections for a period of 5 years.
e. there was no doubt Hussein had dropped chemical weapons in the past.

Answer: E

When Saddam Hussein sent forces into Kuwait in 1990, the United Nations

When Saddam Hussein sent forces into Kuwait in 1990, the United Nations

a. condemned the behavior.
b. passed a resolution calling for a truce.
c. debated the move, but took no action, symbolic or otherwise.
d. authorized the use of force to repel the force.
e. supported his decision.

Answer: D

Political polarization is quite evident in public opinion regarding

Political polarization is quite evident in public opinion regarding

a. World War II.
b. the Korean War.
c. the Vietnam War.
d. the War in Iraq.
e. C and D.

Answer: D

Opponents of the Gulf War were supportive of American intervention in Kosovo, suggesting a shift to the _____________ paradigm of foreign policy.

Opponents of the Gulf War were supportive of American intervention in Kosovo, suggesting a shift to the _____________ paradigm of foreign policy.

a. isolationist
b. containment
c. disengagement
d. human rights
e. anti-appeasement

Answer: D

When Clinton became president in 1992, he brought with him advisers who were drawn from the ranks of those who believed in

When Clinton became president in 1992, he brought with him advisers who were drawn from the ranks of those who believed in

a. isolationism.
b. containment.
c. disengagement.
d. the human rights perspective.
e. anti-appeasement.

Answer: C

Elites with the ____________ worldview played a large role in the Reagan administration.

Elites with the ____________ worldview played a large role in the Reagan administration.

a. isolationist
b. containment
c. disengagement
d. human rights
e. anti-appeasement

Answer: B

Elites with the ____________ worldview played a large role in the Carter administration.

Elites with the ____________ worldview played a large role in the Carter administration.

a. isolationist
b. containment
c. disengagement
d. human rights
e. anti-appeasement

Answer: C

The disengagement worldview was adopted by younger elites as a result of experience with

The disengagement worldview was adopted by younger elites as a result of experience with

a. the War Between the States.
b. World War I.
c. World War II.
d. the Korean War.
e. Vietnam.

Answer: E

Containment was the policy of

Containment was the policy of

a. the British and French during the rise of Hitler in Germany.
b. General Patton.
c. the United States toward Japan before Pearl Harbor.
d. Admiral Alfred T. Mahan.
e. the United States toward Russia after World War II.

Answer: E

The "lessons of Munich," which shaped American foreign policy for a generation, were that

The "lessons of Munich," which shaped American foreign policy for a generation, were that

a. the United States cannot police the world.
b. nationalism is the predominant force in Third World politics.
c. aggression could best be met by negotiation and compromise.
d. aggression should be forcefully opposed.
e. economic development and foreign aid serve U.S. interests better than military aid.

Answer: D

Containment is also known as

Containment is also known as

a. the Vietnam view.
b. anti-appeasement.
c. the Human Rights view.
d. pre-emption.
e. MADD.

Answer: B

American elites adopted the isolationist worldview as a result of our experience with

American elites adopted the isolationist worldview as a result of our experience with

a. the War Between the States.
b. World War I.
c. World War II.
d. the Korean War.
e. Vietnam.

Answer: B

Foreign policy leaders are more likely to adopt a ______________ outlook than members of the general public.

Foreign policy leaders are more likely to adopt a ______________ outlook than members of the general public.

a. nationalistic
b. liberal and internationalist
c. conservative
d. centrist
e. moderate

Answer: B

Where foreign policy—particularly declaring and conducting war—is concerned, ________ have the most volatile opinions.

Where foreign policy—particularly declaring and conducting war—is concerned, ________ have the most volatile opinions.

a. political elites
b. working-class Americans
c. women
d. blacks and other minorities
e. the elderly

Answer: A

A careful study of public opinion has concluded that, as American lives are lost during a time of war, the public tends to

A careful study of public opinion has concluded that, as American lives are lost during a time of war, the public tends to

a. desire escalation and swift victory.
b. seriously rethink the general premises behind our involvement.
c. withdraw support from its political leaders.
d. lose faith in our ability to "win."
e. none of the above.

Answer: A

The "rally 'round the flag" effect and boost in presidential approval ratings which typically accompany foreign policy crises were not evident when

The "rally 'round the flag" effect and boost in presidential approval ratings which typically accompany foreign policy crises were not evident when

a. John F. Kennedy accepted responsibility for the failed invasion of Cuba.
b. George W. Bush responded to the attack of 9/11.
c. Ronald Reagan invaded Grenada.
d. George Bush sent troops to fight Iraq.
e. Bill Clinton sent forces to Bosnia or launched bombing attacks on Iraq.

Answer: E

Support for an internationalist American foreign policy is

Support for an internationalist American foreign policy is

a. highly general and heavily dependent on the phrasing of poll questions.
b. narrowly tailored and specific.
c. rarely affected by the opinions of popular leaders.
d. immune to world events.
e. all of the above.

Answer: A

The only war in which public support remained high was

The only war in which public support remained high was

a. the Korean War.
b. the Vietnam War.
c. A and B.
d. World War II.
e. World War I.

Answer: D

Beginning with the ________ administration, the National Security Council has grown in influence.

Beginning with the ________ administration, the National Security Council has grown in influence.

a. Roosevelt
b. Truman
c. Kennedy
d. Eisenhower
e. Johnson

Answer: D

Attempts by each new secretary of state to "coordinate" or "direct" the foreign policy establishment are generally fruitless because most agencies

Attempts by each new secretary of state to "coordinate" or "direct" the foreign policy establishment are generally fruitless because most agencies

a. are focused on specific tasks and oblivious to broad visions or general directions.
b. rarely communicate with each other.
c. are too disorganized to direct in any intelligent way.
d. owe no political or bureaucratic loyalty to the secretary of state.
e. are under constant review by Congress.

Answer: D

When America became a major world power after World War II,

When America became a major world power after World War II,

a. presidents began to put foreign policy at the top of the agenda.
b. our commitments overseas expanded dramatically.
c. presidents began to play a larger role in the implementation of foreign policy.
d. foreign policy began to be shaped by scores of agencies with overseas activities.
e. all of the above.

Answer: E

From the administration of George Washington to well into the twentieth century, the ___________ generally made and carried out foreign policy.

From the administration of George Washington to well into the twentieth century, the ___________ generally made and carried out foreign policy.

a. president
b. Secretary of State
c. president's cabinet
d. foreign ambassadors of the U.S.
e. vice president

Answer: B

The Boland Amendment attempted to regulate

The Boland Amendment attempted to regulate

a. covert operations.
b. the gathering of electronic intelligence.
c. signals intelligence.
d. U.S. efforts to influence elections in Western Europe.
e. all of the above.

Answer: A

According to the text,

According to the text,

a. the Director of the CIA authored the War Powers Act.
b. the Pentagon whole-heartedly supported the War Powers Act.
c. every president has obeyed the War Powers Act.
d. every president but Clinton has obeyed the War Powers Act.
e. no president has acknowledged that the War Powers Act is constitutional.

Answer: E

The War Powers Act calls for Congress to provide a formal declaration or statutory authorization within ________ after troops are sent into a hostile situation.

The War Powers Act calls for Congress to provide a formal declaration or statutory authorization within ________ after troops are sent into a hostile situation.

a. forty-eight hours
b. one week
c. two weeks
d. sixty days
e. six months

Answer: D

The War Powers Act of 1973 was designed as a check on the

The War Powers Act of 1973 was designed as a check on the

a. president.
b. Courts.
c. CIA.
d. Pentagon.
e. congressional hawks.

Answer: A

The most important congressional check on the president in the area of foreign affairs is the power to

The most important congressional check on the president in the area of foreign affairs is the power to

a. impeach.
b. control the purse strings.
c. approve ambassadors.
d. reorganize those federal agencies that make foreign policy—the State Department, the CIA, and so forth.
e. restrict access to the White House.

Answer: B

The Supreme Court has generally held the view that the conduct of foreign affairs

The Supreme Court has generally held the view that the conduct of foreign affairs

a. is chiefly a congressional responsibility.
b. is chiefly a presidential responsibility.
c. involves important constitutional rights.
d. is a political question for Congress and the president to work out.
e. is best handled by the lower federal courts.

Answer: D

Of the thirteen major wars fought by this country, ____ have followed a formal declaration of war by Congress.

Of the thirteen major wars fought by this country, ____ have followed a formal declaration of war by Congress.

a. three
b. six
c. ten
d. twelve
e. thirteen

Answer: B

Presidents have asserted the right to send troops aboard on their own authority in more than _____ instances.

Presidents have asserted the right to send troops aboard on their own authority in more than _____ instances.

a. 6
b. 13
c. 30
d. 90
e. 125

Answer: E

Which statement is incorrect?

Which statement is incorrect?

a. The president is commander in chief of the armed forces.
b. Congress must authorize and appropriate money for our armed forces.
c. The president appoints ambassadors, but they must be confirmed by the Senate.
d. The president negotiates treaties but they must be ratified by a majority of the Senate.
e. Only Congress can regulate commerce with other nations.

Answer: D

The division of constitutional authority between the president and Congress is best characterized as

The division of constitutional authority between the president and Congress is best characterized as

a. congressional dominance.
b. presidential dominance.
c. an "invitation to struggle."
d. "provocative silence."
e. a true case of controversy.

Answer: C

In Zelman v.v. Simmons-Harris in 2002, the Supreme Court ruled school voucher programs are constitutional so long as

In Zelman v.v. Simmons-Harris in 2002, the Supreme Court ruled school voucher programs are constitutional so long as

a. there is true private choice.
b. school officials are supportive of applicants.
c. students are not segregated on the basis of gender.
d. teachers are educated in secular colleges and universities.
e. textbooks are purchased by private/ individual funds.

Answer: A

Charles Murray argued that social welfare programs

Charles Murray argued that social welfare programs

a. were unconstitutional.
b. made going on welfare more attractive than to look for a job.
c. were generally successful in lifting people out of poverty.
d. discouraged women from having children without being married.
e. were economically sound but a low priority.

Answer: B

The big debate in 1935 and 1965 over Social Security and Medicare was over

The big debate in 1935 and 1965 over Social Security and Medicare was over

a. whether the public wanted them.
b. whether they were too costly.
c. whether they constituted unnecessary duplication.
d. whether they were needed.
e. whether it was legitimate for government to provide them.

Answer: E

Programs such as Social Security and Medicare are the product of

Programs such as Social Security and Medicare are the product of

a. client politics.
b. association politics.
c. majoritarian politics.
d. interest-group politics.
e. entrepreneurial politics.

Answer: C

Under TANF, welfare caseloads nationally have

Under TANF, welfare caseloads nationally have

a. decreased significantly.
b. decreased slightly.
c. remained about the same as they were under AFDC.
d. increased slightly from the days of AFDC.
e. increased significantly from the days of AFDC.

Answer: A

Which statement accurately describes the ultimate fate of AFDC?

Which statement accurately describes the ultimate fate of AFDC?

a. It was reformed in 1996 but is scheduled to expire in 2008.
b. It was abolished in 1996 and replaced by a block grant program, TANF.
c. It was restructured in a manner that eliminated fraud and increased federal control.
d. It was supported by so many special interests there was no hope of significant change.
e. Congress incorporated the program under three categorical grants.

Answer: B

By 1994, about _________ of AFDC mothers had been on it for eight years or longer.

By 1994, about _________ of AFDC mothers had been on it for eight years or longer.

a. one-eighth
b. one-fourth
c. one-third
d. one-half
e. two-thirds

Answer: E

Over the years, AFDC recipients were eligible for what new program?

Over the years, AFDC recipients were eligible for what new program?

a. Medicare
b. Earned Income Tax Credit
c. Unemployment compensation
d. Private School Voucher Program
e. Workman's compensation

Answer: B

Although AFDC involved giving federal aid to existing state programs, Washington insisted that states

Although AFDC involved giving federal aid to existing state programs, Washington insisted that states

a. use a federal calculation for applicants' incomes.
b. establish mandatory job-training programs for many recipients.
c. provide child-care programs for working AFDC parents.
d. identify the fathers of the children of recipients.
e. all of the above.

Answer: E

Which of the following is not a problem under Medicare?

Which of the following is not a problem under Medicare?

a. Some doctors charge the government for their services.
b. A lot of people use medical services when they really do not need them.
c. There is fraud and abuse.
d. Old people are not generally considered to be "deserving" recipients.
e. Doctors and hospitals are paid on the basis of a government-approved payment plan.

Answer: D

Which of the following options for rescuing Social Security is especially popular with younger voters?

Which of the following options for rescuing Social Security is especially popular with younger voters?

a. the retirement age be raised to eighty-five.
b. retirement benefits be increased.
c. Social Security taxes be lowered.
d. the program be privatized.
e. citizens be allowed to invest some portion of Social Security taxes in mutual funds.

Answer: E

A national advisory commission examined the Social Security crisis and proposed to President Clinton that

A national advisory commission examined the Social Security crisis and proposed to President Clinton that

a. the retirement age be raised to eighty-five.
b. retirement benefits be increased.
c. Social Security taxes be lowered.
d. the program be privatized.
e. citizens be allowed to invest some portion of Social Security taxes in mutual funds.

Answer: E

Currently workers pay about ____ percent of their wages to Social Security payroll taxes.

Currently workers pay about ____ percent of their wages to Social Security payroll taxes.

a. 3.5
b. 4.7
c. 5.8
d. 6.2
e. 6.7

Answer: D

Under existing law, persons born after 1959 can receive full or partial Social Security benefits when they turn

Under existing law, persons born after 1959 can receive full or partial Social Security benefits when they turn

a. 60
b. 65
c. 67
d. 70e. 75

Answer: C

The __________ government program provides medical assistance for poor people.

The __________ government program provides medical assistance for poor people.

a. Medicare
b. Poverty Fund
c. Medifund
d. Medicaid
e. Temporary Assistance to Needy Families or TANF

Answer: D

The text suggests the powerful House Ways and Means Committee chairman Wilbur Mills of Arkansas changed his position with regard to the creation of a health care program because

The text suggests the powerful House Ways and Means Committee chairman Wilbur Mills of Arkansas changed his position with regard to the creation of a health care program because

a. he realized the bill would pass and he wanted to help shape its form.
b. the Republicans had gained seats in the House in the recent election.
c. Republicans outnumbered Democrats on the Ways and Means Committee.
d. he had a strong sense that he would not be re-elected if he remained in opposition to the program.
e. Lyndon Johnson promised him a position in the cabinet.

Answer: A

By the 1960s, a majority of the House favored a health care plan, but did not expect such legislation to ever reach the floor because

By the 1960s, a majority of the House favored a health care plan, but did not expect such legislation to ever reach the floor because

a. presidents had so roundly condemned the idea.
b. the Social Security system was unpopular.
c. it was expected that the Supreme Court would probably rule such a plan unconstitutional.
d. the Ways and Means Committee adamantly opposed the idea.
e. all of the above.

Answer: D

The American Medical Association considered the idea of medical support for the elderly and poor to be

The American Medical Association considered the idea of medical support for the elderly and poor to be

a. "absolutely necessary."
b. "consistent with the principles of our government."
c. "a sure way to bankrupt the government."
d. "incompatible with the rights of patients."
e. "socialized medicine."

Answer: E

Which presidents initially supported the idea of having the government pay the medical and hospital bills of the elderly and the poor?

Which presidents initially supported the idea of having the government pay the medical and hospital bills of the elderly and the poor?

a. Democratsb.
b. Republicans
c. Both Democrats and Republicans
d. Those who were chosen in close elections
e. Those who were former governors

Answer: B

Dr. Francis E. Townsend's organization led a nationwide movement that demanded

Dr. Francis E. Townsend's organization led a nationwide movement that demanded

a. food stamps for all persons over the age of seventy-five.
b. government pensions of $200 a month.
c. health benefits for persons who were both elderly and disabled.
d. free health insurance for all persons over the age of seventy-five.
e. government-run hospitals in each state.

Answer: B

When Roosevelt created the Committee on Economic Security, there was widespread belief that any direct federal welfare program

When Roosevelt created the Committee on Economic Security, there was widespread belief that any direct federal welfare program

a. could not fund itself.
b. might be unconstitutional.
c. had to be supplemented with state taxes.
d. was consistent with existing programs in the states.
e. would be rejected by every member of his own party in Congress.

Answer: E

Polling data suggest Americans ________ the administration of social services by faith-based organizations.

Polling data suggest Americans ________ the administration of social services by faith-based organizations.

a. know little or nothing about
b. have no distinct opinions regarding
c. are somewhat opposed to
d. are slightly in favor of
e. are strongly supportive of

Answer: E

George W. Bush has called for an expansion in the role of _______ in administering federal social programs.

George W. Bush has called for an expansion in the role of _______ in administering federal social programs.

a. colleges and universities
b. big business
c. state government
d. federal bureaucrats
e. religious organizations

Answer: E

The provision which allows religious nonprofit organizations to compete for government funds in order to administer federal welfare-to-work and related policies is known as

The provision which allows religious nonprofit organizations to compete for government funds in order to administer federal welfare-to-work and related policies is known as

a. welfare plus
b. the social service rider
c. charitable choice
d. Youth Build
e. TANF

Answer: C

By 1935, most states had adopted a _____________ program.

By 1935, most states had adopted a _____________ program.

a. mother's pension
b. food stamp
c. unemployment insurance
d. work training
e. medicaid

Answer: A

The experience of England with welfare politics offers a particularly clear contrast in large part because

The experience of England with welfare politics offers a particularly clear contrast in large part because

a. there was no significant labor party there.
b. the notion of an activist government was less acceptable there.
c. authority was centralized there and programs could be administered nationally.
d. partisanship played no role in the development of policy in England.
e. Parliament was in constant conflict with the prime minister over policy.

Answer: C

In distinct contrast to many other European nations, America's national welfare system

In distinct contrast to many other European nations, America's national welfare system

a. has emphasized the provision of money more than services.
b. has been a top priority of lawmakers since the 1880s.
c. is more oriented toward the basic notion of each person's "fair share."
d. is far less adversarial.
e. arrived quite late in our history.

Answer: E

Which of the following beliefs is not held by the American people?

Which of the following beliefs is not held by the American people?

a. Income redistribution is a good thing.
b. Helping the needy is a good thing.
c. Assisting those who cannot help themselves is a good thing.
d. Giving people money will produce a class of welfare chiselers.
e. Giving people services rather than money is a good thing.

Answer: A

Most of the welfare policies in the United States have attempted to

Most of the welfare policies in the United States have attempted to

a. redistribute income.
b. change the existing tax structure.
c. help people with disabilities.
d. provide everyone with a guaranteed income.
e. balance the haves and the have-nots.

Answer: C

A welfare program such as the old Aid to Families with Dependent Children or AFDC is a good example of

A welfare program such as the old Aid to Families with Dependent Children or AFDC is a good example of

a. client politics.
b. club-based politics.
c. majoritarian politics.
d. interest-group politics.
e. entrepreneurial politics.

Answer: A

The biggest problem facing client-oriented welfare programs is

The biggest problem facing client-oriented welfare programs is

a. their cost.
b. their legitimacy.
c. their goals.
d. who will pay.
e. how will costs be determined.

Answer: B

The biggest problem facing majoritarian welfare programs is

The biggest problem facing majoritarian welfare programs is

a. their cost.
b. their legitimacy.
c. their goals.
d. who will benefit.
e. how should clients be served.

Answer: A

Welfare programs in which nearly everyone benefits and nearly everyone pays are characterized by

Welfare programs in which nearly everyone benefits and nearly everyone pays are characterized by

a. overlapping politics.
b. minoritarian politics.
c. club-based politics.
d. congruent politics.
e. majoritarian politics.

Answer: E

In 1993, President Clinton proposed a law which raised the top tax rate to

In 1993, President Clinton proposed a law which raised the top tax rate to

a. 28 percent
b. 31 percent
c. 39 percent
d. 43 percent
e. 52 percent

Answer: C

Early on, tax loopholes particularly helped

Early on, tax loopholes particularly helped

a. average citizens.
b. those who were well off.
c. businesses.
d. self-employed persons.
e. farmers.

Answer: A

In the first half of the twentieth century, Republicans expressed bitter opposition to

In the first half of the twentieth century, Republicans expressed bitter opposition to

a. high marginal rates.
b. tax loopholes.
c. incentives.
d. income adjustments.
e. tax exemptions.

Answer: A

The ______ Amendment created the federal income tax.

The ______ Amendment created the federal income tax.

a. Eleventh
b. Thirteenth
c. Sixteenth
d. Twenty-first
e. Twenty-second

Answer: C

Prior to the creation of the income tax, the money that the government needed came mostly from

Prior to the creation of the income tax, the money that the government needed came mostly from

a. property taxes.
b. loans.
c. state contributions.
d. tariffs.
e. highway tolls

Answer: D

The text states that tax policy is a blend of majoritarian and client politics. What is an example of the latter?

The text states that tax policy is a blend of majoritarian and client politics. What is an example of the latter?

a. Progressive taxation.
b. A low tax burden.
c. Tax loopholes.
d. A requirement that everyone pay something.
e. A and D.

Answer: C

Many other nations rely more heavily on sales taxes than we do because such taxes are

Many other nations rely more heavily on sales taxes than we do because such taxes are 

a. more popular with the public.
b. easy to raise without opposition and protest.
c. supported by political elites.
d. harder to evade.
e. more traditional and progressive.

Answer: D

The law enacted by Congress that imposed a cap on discretionary spending - that is, non-entitlement spending - was the

The law enacted by Congress that imposed a cap on discretionary spending - that is, non-entitlement spending - was the

a. Budget Enforcement Act of 1990.
b. Balanced-Budget Act of 1985.
c. Budget and Impoundment Act of 1974.
d. Budget and Accounting Act of 1921.
e. Monetary Control Act of 1973.

Answer: A

The "sequester" featured in the Gramm-Rudman Act of 1995 called for what action if the president and Congress could not agree on a total spending level?

The "sequester" featured in the Gramm-Rudman Act of 1995 called for what action if the president and Congress could not agree on a total spending level?

a. Reduction in congressional salaries.
b. A freeze on congressional salaries.
c. Across the board cuts in all federal programs
d. Resubmission of all budget requests with special attention to elimination of programs.
e. Resubmission of all budget requests with special attention to consolidation of programs.

Answer: C

Entitlements - that is, mandatory spending - makes up about ____ of what government spends.

Entitlements - that is, mandatory spending - makes up about ____ of what government spends.

a. one-tenth
b. one-fourth
c. one-half
d. two-thirds
e. very little

Answer: D

The Congressional Budget Act of 1974 was intended to

The Congressional Budget Act of 1974 was intended to

a. impose some budget discipline on committees.
b. increase the power of the president.
c. allow interest groups more access to the budget process.
d. implement zero-based budgeting.
e. invite members of Congress to allocate funds in creative ways.

Answer: A

The fiscal year begins

The fiscal year begins

a. October 1.
b. October 30.
c. September 1.
d. September 30.
e. None of the above.

Answer: A

Republicans tend to support free trade, but George W. Bush imposed sharp increases in taxes on imported steel because

Republicans tend to support free trade, but George W. Bush imposed sharp increases in taxes on imported steel because

a. he opposed NAFTA from the beginning.
b. Democrats in Congress insisted that the steel industry was receiving special treatment.
c. the automobile industry threatened to strike.
d. he was interested in electoral support from Ohio and Pennsylvania.
e. of a lack of compliance with environmental laws.

Answer: D

The most important part of the economic policy making machinery is the

The most important part of the economic policy making machinery is the

a. Federal Reserve Board.
b. Congress.
c. Council of Economic Advisers.
d. General Services Administration.
e. Secretary of Labor.

Answer: B

In 2001, the Fed _____________ eleven times in order to help reduce the recession.

In 2001, the Fed _____________ eleven times in order to help reduce the recession.

a. sold government securities
b. increased bank deposits
c. increased the supply of money
d. raised interest rates
e. lowered interest rates

Answer: E

Which statement about the Federal Reserve Board is incorrect?

Which statement about the Federal Reserve Board is incorrect?

a. It has fifteen members.
b. Each member is appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate.
c. A member's term is fourteen years.
d. Since its founding in 1913, no member has ever been removed.
e. The Chairman serves a four-year term.

Answer: A

The Secretary of Treasury is expected to argue the point of view of

The Secretary of Treasury is expected to argue the point of view of

a. the financial community.
b. Congress.
c. the president.
d. industrial leaders.
e. taxpayers.

Answer: A

The Office of the Management and Budget has something of a "split personality" because it

The Office of the Management and Budget has something of a "split personality" because it

a. makes recommendations, then criticizes its own recommendations.
b. negotiates budgets with departments, but recruits members from them as well.
c. prepares spending estimates while discouraging long-range planning.
d. works with the legislative branch while instituting litigation in the judicial branch.
e. provides both expert analysis and activist partisan support for the president's programs.

Answer: E

The "troika" that assists the president in making economic policy is composed of the chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers, the director of the Office of Management and Budget, and

The "troika" that assists the president in making economic policy is composed of the chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers, the director of the Office of Management and Budget, and 

a. the advisory council of the Federal Trade Commission.
b. Secretary of the Treasury.
c. Secretary of Labor.
d. Federal Reserve Board.
e. head of the Department of Labor.

Answer: B

All of the following were true under "Reaganomics" except

All of the following were true under "Reaganomics" except

a. spending on some domestic programs was reduced.
b. military spending was sharply increased.
c. there were sharp, across-the-board, cuts in personal income taxes.
d. business activity decreased.
e. there was a drop in the unemployment rate.

Answer: A

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

a. Conservatives might find monetarism appealing.
b. Socialists find economic planning appealing.
c. Liberals find Keynesian economics appealing.
d. Conservatives might find supply-side economics appealing.
e. None of the above.

Answer: E

People are most likely to embrace a particular economic theory because of

People are most likely to embrace a particular economic theory because of

a. their race.
b. the condition of the world economy.
c. their political beliefs.
d. their religious beliefs.
e. the condition of their state's economy.

Answer: C

A key element of the supply-side theory of the economy is the

A key element of the supply-side theory of the economy is the

a. importance of incentives.
b. need for careful control of the money supply.
c. need for a balanced budget.
d. need for close attention to trade imbalances.
e. importance of regulations.

Answer: A

In the economic planning approach of John Kenneth Galbraith, the government should address inflation by

In the economic planning approach of John Kenneth Galbraith, the government should address inflation by

a. printing more money and lowering taxes.
b. regulating the maximum prices that can be charged and wages that can be paid.
c. standing back and allowing the market to adjust itself.
d. reducing the number of regulations on businesses.
e. creating public works programs.

Answer: B

A follower of Keynes would probably agree with all of the following statements except

A follower of Keynes would probably agree with all of the following statements except

a. the government should make sure there is the right level of demand.
b. the government should take an activist role in the economy.
c. money should be taken out of the economy when demand is too great.
d. if demand increases too fast, prices will go up.
e. the government should balance the budget each and every year.

Answer: E

Keynesians believe that if people save too much

Keynesians believe that if people save too much

a. they will pay too little in taxes.
b. they will invest too little.
c. production and money supply will increase.
d. demand will decrease and production will decline.
e. demand and production will increase.

Answer: D

Friedman takes the position that inflation is caused when

Friedman takes the position that inflation is caused when

a. there is too little money chasing too few goods.
b. there is too much money chasing too many goods.
c. there is too little money chasing too many goods.
d. there is too much money chasing too few goods.
e. the government has a predictable increase in the money supply.

Answer: D

Milton Friedman's economic philosophy is called

Milton Friedman's economic philosophy is called

a. economic planning.
b. supply-side theory.
c. industrial policy.
d. monetarism.
e. planning.

Answer: D

Politicians have a strong tendency to get reelected by

Politicians have a strong tendency to get reelected by

a. decreasing taxes.
b. lowering the deficit.
c. cutting expenditures.
d. spending money on specific programs that are popular.
e. raising taxes.

Answer: D

Lower taxes, less debt, and spending on new government programs produce ________ politics.

Lower taxes, less debt, and spending on new government programs produce ________ politics.

a. entrepreneurial
b. majoritarian
c. interest group
d. client
e. B and D

Answer: B

Popular governmental programs are rarely held accountable by Congress. Democrats tend to be more worried than Republicans about

Popular governmental programs are rarely held accountable by Congress. Democrats tend to be more worried than Republicans about

a. inflation.
b. international politics.
c. unemployment.
d. business investment.
e. recessions.

Answer: C

The text suggests the massive system of Civil War pensions for Union army veterans and the

The text suggests the massive system of Civil War pensions for Union army veterans and the

a. Social Security system are examples of how
b. economic decisions tend to be sociotropic.
c. politicians regard institutional change in economic terms.
d. the federal deficit has little relation to annual expenditures.
e. the government has used money to affect elections.

Answer: D

A sociotropic voter

A sociotropic voter

a. considers his/her personal economic fortune a major factor in the voting decision.
b. does not consider economics in his/her voting decision.
c. votes for incumbents.
d. considers the economic health of the nation as a whole when voting.
e. votes against incumbents.

Answer: D

When we survey the economic guesses of the OMB and the CBO regarding the deficit over the last forty years, we see that such estimates are

When we survey the economic guesses of the OMB and the CBO regarding the deficit over the last forty years, we see that such estimates are

a. quite reliable.
b. almost perfect, in most instances.
c. highly accurate in the last two decades.
d. remarkably close given all of the uncertainties involved.
e. not very reliable.

Answer: E

The total federal debt is around

The total federal debt is around

a. $1 trillion.
b. $3 trillion.
c. $5 trillion.
d. $8 trillion.
e. $30 trillion.

Answer: D

Which of the following statements about bureaucracies and the scope of government is FALSE?

Which of the following statements about bureaucracies and the scope of government is FALSE?

A) When the president and Congress chose to deregulate certain areas of the economy or cut taxes, the bureaucracy prevented them from doing so.
B) The federal bureaucracy has actually shrunk in size relative to the population it serves.
C) The bureaucracy is now expected to play an active role in dealing with social and economic problems.
D) The federal bureaucracy has not grown over the past two generations.
E) none of the above

Answer: A

In 1887, Congress established the first regulatory agency, the ________, and charged it with regulating the railroads, their prices, and their services to farmers.

In 1887, Congress established the first regulatory agency, the ________, and charged it with regulating the railroads, their prices, and their services to farmers.

A) Department of Transportation
B) Railroad Commission
C) American Railway Union
D) Federal Trade Commission
E) Interstate Commerce Commission

Answer: E

"Iron triangles" are composed of

"Iron triangles" are composed of

A) primarily iron, but also metallic, alloys.
B) bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees.
C) urban bureaucracies, state bureaucracies, and federal bureaucracies.
D) congressional committees, state governments, and bureaucratic agencies.
E) senators, governors, and department heads.

Answer: B

Which of the following is NOT true about "iron triangles"?

Which of the following is NOT true about "iron triangles"?

A) They present tremendous difficulties for Congress and the president when they attempt to control the bureaucracy.
B) They add a strong decentralizing and fragmenting element to the government's policymaking process.
C) They are also known as subgovernments.
D) They are indestructible.
E) none of the above

Answer: D

Which of the following is NOT an area in which an "iron triangle" has controlled federal policy over the past several decades?

Which of the following is NOT an area in which an "iron triangle" has controlled federal policy over the past several decades?

A) nuclear power policy
B) environmental policy
C) pesticide policy
D) smoking & tobacco policy
E) none of the above

Answer: B

A group of participants in bureaucratic policymaking with technical policy expertise and intellectual and emotional commitment to the issue is called

A group of participants in bureaucratic policymaking with technical policy expertise and intellectual and emotional commitment to the issue is called

A) a government corporation.
B) an "iron triangle".
C) a subgovernment.
D) an issue network.
E) a vested cohort.

Answer: D

Subgovernments promote

Subgovernments promote

A) centralization of authority.
B) strong executive branch control of policymaking.
C) the control of the bureaucracy by Congress.
D) decentralized and fragmented policymaking.
E) presidential control of bureaucratic discretion.

Answer: D

Issue networks are

Issue networks are

A) a growing participatory force in bureaucratic decision making whose members' interest in issues is intellectual or emotional rather than material.
B) the same as "iron triangles."
C) the relatively new television stations that specialize in political coverage.
D) subject to standard operating procedures.
E) two or more agencies that share regulatory power when a policy or regulation affects more than one regulatory body.

Answer: A

"Iron triangles" face challenges from a growing number of

"Iron triangles" face challenges from a growing number of

A) street-level bureaucrats.
B) subgovernments.
C) plastics and softer metals.
D) administrative discretions.
E) issue networks.

Answer: E

A(n) ________ consists of an administrative agency, an interest group, and a congressional committee or subcommittee.

A(n) ________ consists of an administrative agency, an interest group, and a congressional committee or subcommittee.

A) issue network
B) independent executive agency
C) triumvirate
D) administrative discretion triad
E) "iron triangle"

Answer: E

An "iron triangle" consists of

An "iron triangle" consists of

A) representatives of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the government.
B) the president, the head of a relevant congressional committee, and the head of any regulatory agency.
C) a bureaucratic agency, an interest group, and a congressional committee or subcommittee.
D) the metal stamp used to certify that the president has approved a new regulation and it now takes legal effect.
E) those favoring regulation X, those opposing regulation X, and the regulatory agency in charge of overseeing X.

Answer: C

An "iron triangle" is also referred to as

An "iron triangle" is also referred to as

A) a government corporation.
B) a reverse diagonal.
C) a subgovernment.
D) the alphabet soup of American government.
E) an issue network.

Answer: C

A major problem for presidents and Congress in controlling bureaucracies is the existence of

A major problem for presidents and Congress in controlling bureaucracies is the existence of

A) the plum book.
B) Supreme Court rulings curbing the scope of their oversight.
C) "iron triangles."
D) standard operating procedures.
E) the incentive system.

Answer: C

As the oversight powers of Congress in regard to the bureaucracy have become more vigorous,

As the oversight powers of Congress in regard to the bureaucracy have become more vigorous,

A) Congress is increasingly the policy-implementation branch of government.
B) it has become easier to rein in the bureaucracy.
C) they have also become more fragmented.
D) "iron triangles" have weakened considerably.
E) the amount of government corruption has decreased dramatically.

Answer: C

To limit bureaucratic discretion and make its instructions clearer, Congress can

To limit bureaucratic discretion and make its instructions clearer, Congress can

A) deregulate.
B) write new and more detailed legislation.
C) hold congressional hearings.
D) reregulate.
E) threaten to cut an agency's budget.

Answer: B

Congress tries to control the bureaucracy through

Congress tries to control the bureaucracy through

A) rewriting laws and budgets and holding hearings.
B) deregulation.
C) the use of executive orders and appointments.
D) the creation of "iron triangles."
E) all of the above

Answer: A

Congress tries to control the bureaucracy through each of the following EXCEPT

Congress tries to control the bureaucracy through each of the following EXCEPT

A) rewriting legislation.
B) influencing the appointment of agency heads.
C) holding hearings.
D) issuing congressional orders.
E) both A and B

Answer: D

Which of the following statements about Congress and the bureaucracy is FALSE?

Which of the following statements about Congress and the bureaucracy is FALSE?

A) Bureaucracies can help Congress find answers to policy problems.
B) Bureaucracies help provide services to constituents.
C) Members of Congress often find a big bureaucracy congenial.
D) Congress has found it easy to control the bureaucracy.
E) none of the above

Answer: D

Which of the following is NOT a method a president can use to control the bureaucracy?

Which of the following is NOT a method a president can use to control the bureaucracy?

A) issue executive orders or more informal requests
B) rewrite statutes to make instructions clearer as to how policies are intended
C) appoint people to head an agency who share the president's goals and strategies
D) tinker with an agency's recommended budget
E) request a congressional oversight hearing

Answer: B

Executive orders are issued by

Executive orders are issued by

A) independent regulatory agencies.
B) any federal agency or department.
C) Congress.
D) members of the Senior Executive Service.
E) the president.

Answer: E

Most of the government is composed of

Most of the government is composed of

A) regulators.
B) lawyers.
C) bureaucrats.
D) elected legislators.
E) politicians.

Answer: C

Each of the following is a criticism of regulation EXCEPT that it

Each of the following is a criticism of regulation EXCEPT that it

A) lowers prices.
B) does not work.
C) distorts market forces.
D) is too complex.
E) gives bureaucrats too much power.

Answer: A

Which of the following is NOT an accusation made against the regulatory system?

Which of the following is NOT an accusation made against the regulatory system?

A) Excessive regulation contributed to the savings and loan industry disaster of the 1980s.
B) If the producer is faced with expensive regulations, costs will inevitably be passed along
to the consumer in the form of higher prices.
C) Regulations do not always work well, and they simply create massive regulatory bureaucracies.
D) Other nations have laxer regulations on pollution, worker safety, and other business practices, thus American exports often cost more.
E) All of these have been criticisms of regulation.

Answer: A

Deregulation has resulted, at least in part, in each of the following EXCEPT

Deregulation has resulted, at least in part, in each of the following EXCEPT

A) environmental damage.
B) the proliferation of government agencies.
C) competitive airline fares.
D) an expensive bailout of the savings and loan industry.
E) less government oversight in some key areas.

Answer: B

One proposed solution to the "problem" of the proliferation of regulatory agencies and policies has been

One proposed solution to the "problem" of the proliferation of regulatory agencies and policies has been

A) deregulation.
B) deproliferation.
C) budget cuts.
D) standard operating procedures.
E) the incentive system.

Answer: A

When Congress passes regulatory legislation for which it has established goals, it then

When Congress passes regulatory legislation for which it has established goals, it then

A) grants power to regulatory agencies to develop guidelines and enforce compliance.
B) assigns responsibility for administration to regulatory agencies and responsibility for enforcement to the courts.
C) establishes the guidelines that regulatory agencies must implement.
D) grants interest groups the power to develop the rules governing the new policy.
E) authorizes the president to use his administrative discretion to implement the legislation.

Answer: A

All regulations contain each of the following elements EXCEPT

All regulations contain each of the following elements EXCEPT

A) a grant of power and set of directions from Congress
B) some means of enforcing compliance with congressional goals and agency regulations
C) presidential oversight and control of enforcement
D) a set of rules and guidelines by the regulatory agency itself
E) All of these are elements of the regulatory process.

Answer: C

Whatever strategy Congress permits a regulatory agency to use, all regulation contains the following elements EXCEPT

Whatever strategy Congress permits a regulatory agency to use, all regulation contains the following elements EXCEPT

A) some means of enforcing compliance.
B) a grant of power and set of directions from Congress.
C) a set of rules and guidelines by the regulatory agency itself.
D) an incentive system to maximize performance by those regulated.
E) none of the above

Answer: D

Most regulatory agencies adopt specific ________ to carry out a policy, based on what they believe was the intended purpose of the specific policy at hand.

Most regulatory agencies adopt specific ________ to carry out a policy, based on what they believe was the intended purpose of the specific policy at hand.

A) guidelines
B) iron triangles
C) incentive systems
D) mandates
E) merit principles

Answer: A

The Supreme Court case of Munn v. Illinois (1877)

The Supreme Court case of Munn v. Illinois (1877)

A) declared that regulation was not within the realm of state powers.
B) first established the right to own property as one of the rights of the Bill of Rights.
C) set the precedent for deregulation.
D) upheld the right of government to regulate the business operations of a firm.
E) upheld the constitutionality of the Interstate Commerce Commission.

Answer: D

Until 1887, the federal government

Until 1887, the federal government

A) had almost no regulatory policies.
B) was involved only in social regulation.
C) owned and operated most of the major industries in the country.
D) forbade the states from passing regulatory policies.
E) was involved only in economic regulation.

Answer: A

In the case of Munn v. Illinois, decided in 1877, the United States Supreme Court

In the case of Munn v. Illinois, decided in 1877, the United States Supreme Court

A) ruled that states could not impose corporate income taxes.
B) ruled that the Civil Service System was constitutional.
C) outlawed the patronage system.
D) held that government had no right to regulate the business operations of a firm.
E) upheld the right of government to regulate the business operations of a firm.

Answer: E

Which of the following statements about government regulation in America is accurate?

Which of the following statements about government regulation in America is accurate?

A) The Constitution set up only six regulatory agencies; the others have been created within the past 100 years or so.
B) The Federal Communications Commission was the first independent regulatory agency.
C) Until 1887, the federal government made almost no regulatory policies and had no regulatory agencies.
D) Regulatory agencies tended to be more popular in the early years of the nation's history, then grew more controversial during the late-nineteenth century.
E) both A and C

Answer: C

The use of governmental authority to control or change some practice in the private sector is called

The use of governmental authority to control or change some practice in the private sector is called

A) regulation.
B) patronage.
C) administrative discretion.
D) policy implementation.
E) public administration.

Answer: A

The use of government authority to control or change some practice in the private sector is known as

The use of government authority to control or change some practice in the private sector is known as

A) socialism.
B) regulation.
C) oversight.
D) executive review.
E) public administration.

Answer: B

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was successful for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was successful for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

A) its goal was clear.
B) its implementation was straightforward.
C) the authority of the implementors was plain.
D) it was universally supported.
E) none of the above

Answer: D

The Voting Rights Act of 1965

The Voting Rights Act of 1965

A) was very difficult to implement because of the fragmentation of responsibility for implementing it.
B) was successfully implemented thanks to its clear goal, its clear methods to achieve the goal, and its lack of bureaucratic fragmentation.
C) failed to achieve its policy goals because of the outright hostility of street-level bureaucrats.
D) was impossible to implement because of a lack of clarity in the legislation.
E) All but D are true.

Answer: B

Proposals to reorganize the government in order to solve the problem of bureaucratic fragmentation

Proposals to reorganize the government in order to solve the problem of bureaucratic fragmentation

A) are often opposed by agencies not wanting to be submerged within a broader bureaucratic unit.
B) tend to be supported by Republican presidents, who advocate governmental centralization.
C) are opposed by congressional committees, fearing they will be given greater responsibility to oversee larger and more diverse agencies.
D) are supported by interest groups, who feel they could better control the regulatory programs of a reorganized bureaucracy.
E) are supported and opposed for all of these reasons.

Answer: A

The diffusion of responsibility within the bureaucracy

The diffusion of responsibility within the bureaucracy

A) makes the coordination of policies both time-consuming and difficult.
B) increases administrative discretion.
C) allows for a diversity of opinion thus facilitating effective administration.
D) helps diminish the use of administrative discretion.
E) facilitates the use of inter-bureaucracy standard operating procedures.

Answer: A

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Bureaucrats are often fired for using too much administrative discretion.
B) Pay raises in the bureaucracy tend to be small and across-the-board.
C) Removing appointed officials may be politically embarrassing to the president.
D) A government agency cannot expand just because it is performing a service effectively and efficiently.
E) none of the above

Answer: A

When bureaucrats are asked to execute orders with which they do not agree,

When bureaucrats are asked to execute orders with which they do not agree,

A) they usually ignore the orders.
B) they are likely to lose their jobs if they do not follow through with the orders.
C) they can file a Conflict Of Interest Form and will be exempted from that duty by their boss.
D) implementation follows standard operating procedures.
E) slippage is likely to occur between policy decisions and performance.

Answer: E

Which of the following would not be considered a street-level bureaucrat?

Which of the following would not be considered a street-level bureaucrat?

A) a municipal court judge
B) an assistant secretary in the Department of Transportation
C) a welfare worker
D) a mail carrier who delivers mail exclusively in a high-rise building
E) a police officer

Answer: B

Administrative personnel who exercise discretion, pay attention to routine, and deal directly with clients,

Administrative personnel who exercise discretion, pay attention to routine, and deal directly with clients,

A) are called street-level bureaucrats.
B) are limited to high-level positions in the administration.
C) implement federal policies.
D) are part of the Senior Executive Service.
E) are usually dismissed for not following standard operating procedures.

Answer: A

Those civil service employees who are in constant contact with the public (often a hostile one) and have considerable discretion are known as

Those civil service employees who are in constant contact with the public (often a hostile one) and have considerable discretion are known as

A) street-level bureaucrats.
B) routinizers.
C) General Schedule foot soldiers.
D) the Senior Executive Service.
E) civil servants.

Answer: A

The Federal Aviation Administration's protocol for for hijackings assumed that

The Federal Aviation Administration's protocol for for hijackings assumed that

A) the pilot would be able to radio air traffic controllers and alert them to the problem.
B) the FAA would be able to pinpoint the aircraft involved.
C) there would be enough time for the government to formulate a response.
D) the hijackers would be motivated in part by a desire to stay alive.
E) All of the above

Answer: E

Administrative discretion is greatest when

Administrative discretion is greatest when

A) rules and regulations are not written down.
B) when standard operating procedures are used.
C) an agency has elaborate rules and regulations.
D) a particular agency is the subject of media coverage.
E) rules do not fit a case.

Answer: E

The authority of administrative actors to select among various responses to a given problem is called

The authority of administrative actors to select among various responses to a given problem is called

A) policy implementation.
B) selective management.
C) the merit principle.
D) the definition of alternatives.
E) administrative discretion.

Answer: E

Standard operating procedures become frustrating to citizens and obstacles to action when they

Standard operating procedures become frustrating to citizens and obstacles to action when they

A) do not directly apply to a particular situation.
B) slow bureaucratic responses to citizens' needs.
C) are not specifically codified.
D) transfer personnel to different posts.
E) are not closely followed.

Answer: A

______ is the authority of administrative actors to select among various responses to a given problem.

______ is the authority of administrative actors to select among various responses to a given problem.

A) Standard operating procedure
B) Administrative discretion
C) Administrators' disposition
D) Executive power
E) Deregulation

Answer: B

Standard operating procedures accomplish all of the following EXCEPT

Standard operating procedures accomplish all of the following EXCEPT

A) bring uniformity to complex organizations.
B) save time.
C) make personnel interchangeable.
D) reduce red tape.
E) treat citizens equally, regardless of class or race.

Answer: D

Standard operating procedures

Standard operating procedures

A) usually prove to be unjust and discriminatory when followed to the letter.
B) save time and bring uniformity to complex organizations.
C) were waived by the Reagan Administration in an effort to make the bureaucracy more flexible and customize the solutions to problems.
D) give authority to administrative actors to select among various responses to a given problem.
E) are frustrating and inappropriate in addressing most situations.

Answer: B

Which of the following is NOT true about standard operating procedures?

Which of the following is NOT true about standard operating procedures?

A) They provide routine rules to help bureaucrats make numerous everyday decisions.
B) Each federal department and agency has a plum book which lists its standard operating procedures.
C) They can sometimes be so routinized that they are difficult to change even in the face of changing circumstances.
D) They are referred to as "red tape" by those who find them burdensome.
E) They are used by street-level bureaucrats.

Answer: B

A major complaint of the Food and Drug Administration is

A major complaint of the Food and Drug Administration is

A) its lack of clarity.
B) the fragmentation of responsibilities.
C) that there is no administrative discretion.
D) that too much food is contaminated by dirt and rodents.
E) the shortage of personnel.

Answer: E

Section 844 of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972

Section 844 of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972

A) was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.
B) specifically prohibits sex discrimination in college sports.
C) was supported by most colleges and universities.
D) was vaguely written, eventually resulting in scores of court cases.
E) was interpreted by Congress to exclude college football.

Answer: D

Vigorous disputes over the implementation of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 in regard to funding for women's athletic programs arose primarily due to

Vigorous disputes over the implementation of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 in regard to funding for women's athletic programs arose primarily due to

A) faulty program design.
B) lack of clarity in the original policy decision.
C) adherence to administrative routine.
D) fragmentation of responsibilities.
E) all of the above

Answer: B

Which of the following is NOT a reason that policy implementation sometimes breaks down in the federal bureaucracy?

Which of the following is NOT a reason that policy implementation sometimes breaks down in the federal bureaucracy?

A) fragmentation of responsibilities
B) lack of standard operating procedures
C) lack of clarity in the original policy decision
D) faulty program design
E) lack of resources

Answer: B

Creating new agencies, developing guidelines, and coordinating resources to achieve a policy goal is called

Creating new agencies, developing guidelines, and coordinating resources to achieve a policy goal is called

A) bureaucratization.
B) regulation.
C) implementation.
D) actualization.
E) policymaking.

Answer: C

The main job of federal bureaucrats is to

The main job of federal bureaucrats is to

A) advise the president and Cabinet on internal affairs.
B) countervail the power of private corporations, especially monopolies.
C) compete with the private sector for monopoly power.
D) protect the interests of their constituencies.
E) implement and regulate government policies.

Answer: E

Once a policy decision has been made, such as by passing a legislative act or issuing an executive order, the bureaucracy is responsible for

Once a policy decision has been made, such as by passing a legislative act or issuing an executive order, the bureaucracy is responsible for

A) its ratification.
B) its implementation.
C) its deregulation.
D) funding it.
E) judging its merits.

Answer: B

An obstacle to the successful implementation of public policy is

An obstacle to the successful implementation of public policy is

A) the failure of Congress to pass authorizing legislation.
B) the over-specialization of civil service employees.
C) competition between the private and public sectors.
D) unclear policy goals and poorly designed policies.
E) all of the above

Answer: D

Government corporations

Government corporations

A) operate an airline, manufacture steel, and provide health insurance.
B) provide services and charge for them.
C) tend to be captured by interest groups.
D) are independent regulatory agencies.
E) sell stock and pay dividends.

Answer: B

Amtrak and the United States Postal Service are examples of

Amtrak and the United States Postal Service are examples of

A) government corporations.
B) independent executive agencies.
C) Cabinet departments.
D) executive commercial agencies.
E) independent regulatory agencies.

Answer: A

Independent regulatory agencies have

Independent regulatory agencies have

A) complete independence from the president, but their policymakers are appointed by Congress.
B) powerful rule-making, dispute-settling, and enforcement authority.
C) no real enforcement power any more, and remain today as part of the federal government only in a ceremonial role.
D) no formal ties to either the president or the Congress.
E) governing commissions composed of long-time federal Civil Service employees.

Answer: B

The General Services Administration and the National Aeronautical and Space Administration are examples of

The General Services Administration and the National Aeronautical and Space Administration are examples of

A) government corporations.
B) independent regulatory agencies.
C) Cabinet departments.
D) presidential administrative agencies.
E) independent executive agencies.

Answer: E

The parts of the federal bureaucracy with responsibility for different sectors of the economy, and making and enforcing rules designed to protect the public interest, are the

The parts of the federal bureaucracy with responsibility for different sectors of the economy, and making and enforcing rules designed to protect the public interest, are the

A) independent executive agencies.
B) independent regulatory agencies.
C) commercial ministries.
D) government corporations.
E) Cabinet departments.

Answer: B

An independent regulatory agency is governed by

An independent regulatory agency is governed by

A) a small commission, usually with five to ten members, appointed by the president and subject to presidential firing.
B) members of the Senior Executive Service of the federal civil service.
C) a small commission, usually with five to ten members, appointed by the president for fixed terms.
D) a single executive appointed by and removable by the president.
E) a single executive appointed by the Senate committee responsible for the agency's oversight.

Answer: C

Which of the following statements about independent regulatory commissions is FALSE?

Which of the following statements about independent regulatory commissions is FALSE?

A) Regulatory commission members cannot be fired by the president.
B) Regulatory commissions consist of five to ten members.
C) Regulatory commission members are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate.
D) Regulatory commission members may not be drawn from the ranks of present or former employees of the regulated industry.
E) none of the above

Answer: D

The Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Reserve Board are examples of

The Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Reserve Board are examples of

A) dependent presidential boards.
B) independent regulatory agencies.
C) government corporations.
D) Cabinet departments.
E) independent executive agencies.

Answer: B

Bureaus in the federal bureaucracy are also known as all of the following EXCEPT

Bureaus in the federal bureaucracy are also known as all of the following EXCEPT

A) an administration.
B) an office.
C) a department.
D) a service.
E) none of the above

Answer: C

The Cabinet department that has the largest budget is the Department of

The Cabinet department that has the largest budget is the Department of

A) Health and Human Services.
B) Defense.
C) Commerce.
D) the Treasury.
E) Education.

Answer: A

Which of these is the newest government agency?

Which of these is the newest government agency?

A) Drug Enforcement Agency
B) Social Security Administration
C) Department of Health and Human Services
D) Drug Interdiction Agency
E) Cyberspace Commission

Answer: B

The largest federal agency based on dollars spent is the

The largest federal agency based on dollars spent is the

A) Department of Defense.
B) Department of Justice.
C) State Department.
D) Department of Health and Human Services.
E) Social Security Administration.

Answer: E

The real work of a Cabinet department is done

The real work of a Cabinet department is done

A) by the entire Cabinet.
B) by the president's staff.
C) by the undersecretaries.
D) by the secretary.
E) in the bureaus.

Answer: E

Which Cabinet department is charged with overseeing the nation's national resources?

Which Cabinet department is charged with overseeing the nation's national resources?

A) Homeland Security
B) Environmental Protection Agency
C) Defense
D) State
E) Interior

Answer: E

According to Hugh Heclo, the plum book system of recruiting federal employees tends to result in the appointment of

According to Hugh Heclo, the plum book system of recruiting federal employees tends to result in the appointment of

A) talented experts with proven party loyalty.
B) people with access to the Internet, but not necessarily the most qualified people.
C) senior civil servants to sensitive posts.
D) administrators who do not stay long enough in their appointed position to be effective.
E) large numbers of women and minorities, just as it was intended to do.

Answer: D

Which of the following is NOT true about presidential appointees to bureaucracies?

Which of the following is NOT true about presidential appointees to bureaucracies?

A) They often do not know their own agency subordinates very well, much less people in other agencies.
B) They must be recommended by the Office of Personnel Management's "rule of three."
C) As political appointees, they are often unaccustomed to the administrative routines, budget cycles, and legal complexities of their agencies or departments.
D) They tend to spend fewer years in their positions than those in the civil service.
E) none of the above

Answer: B

Which of the following statements about plum book appointees is FALSE?

Which of the following statements about plum book appointees is FALSE?

A) Most presidents seek appointees with sympathy for similar policy positions.
B) Ambassadorship appointments often go to large campaign contributors.
C) Plum book appointees are often instrumental in changing and reforming their agencies.
D) Presidents often consider sex, region, and race in making plum book appointments.
E) none of the above

Answer: C

The plum book lists

The plum book lists

A) all federal contracts available for bid.
B) top federal jobs available by Presidential appointment.
C) all civil service jobs above GS-12.
D) job openings in the prestigious Office of Personnel Management.
E) appeals filed with the Merit Systems Protection Board.

Answer: B

Which of the following statements about the hiring and firing of civil servants is FALSE?

Which of the following statements about the hiring and firing of civil servants is FALSE?

A) The Office of Personnel Management has elaborate rules about hiring, promotion, and firing of civil servants.
B) The top of the civil service is composed of about 9,000 members of the Senior Executive Service.
C) Once hired, civil servants are assigned a General Schedule ranging from GS-1 to GS-18.
D) Due to the merit system, it is easy to fire incompetent civil servants.
E) none of the above

Answer: D

Which of the following would be included in a plum book?

Which of the following would be included in a plum book?

A) doctors at a Veteran's Administration hospital
B) postal carriers
C) the phone numbers of a Congress member's sex partners
D) Senate committee chairs
E) Cabinet secretaries

Answer: E

Which of the following is a legitimate criticism of the federal civil service?

Which of the following is a legitimate criticism of the federal civil service?

A) Firing incompetents is extremely difficult.
B) Workers are not protected against political firings.
C) It does not operate on the merit principle.
D) Too many federal civil servants are actively involved in partisan politics.
E) all of the above

Answer: A

Federal employees are prohibited from active participation in partisan politics through the

Federal employees are prohibited from active participation in partisan politics through the

A) Twenty-fifth Amendment.
B) Pendleton Act.
C) Supreme Court ruling in Democratic National Committee v. Hayes.
D) Hatch Act.
E) merit system.

Answer: D

The rationale for the civil service rests on the

The rationale for the civil service rests on the

A) goal of centralizing government employment at the federal level.
B) desire to create a nonpartisan government service and promotion on the basis of merit.
C) General Schedule rating system for patronage appointees.
D) the need to separate military institutions from civilian institutions to prevent undue military influence.
E) need for job replacements when a new party comes to power.

Answer: B